Submitted mid test of sociolinguistic

NAMA:JULIANTY SIRINGORINGO
NIM:1588203093
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS

1.What is sociolinguistics? 
Answer: is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language, is used, and society's effect on language. It differs from sociology of language,which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics.

2.why do we learn sociolinguistics?
Answer? It is fascinating, it tells you what the fabric of society is made of, it could explain what people think and how they think and in part how they vote. Sociolinguists are interested in how we speak differently in varying social contexts, and how we may also use specific functions of language to convey social meaning or aspects of our identity. Sociolinguistics teaches us about real-life attitudes and social situations. Below is a video featuring Paul Cooper, a PhD student at the University of Sheffield, in which he outlines some of the reasons studying Sociolinguistics is important in consolidating our understanding of society.
3.what is the relation between language and society?
Answer: language is central interaction in every society,regarldless of lacation and time peroid.language and sicial interaction have a reciprocal relationship: language shapes social interactions and social interactions shape language.sociolinguistics  is the study of the connection between language and society and the way people use languge in defferent social situations. It asks the question. How does language affect the social nature of human beings, and how does social,interaction shape language? It rangers greatly in depth and detail,from the study of dialets across a given region to the analysis of the way men and women speak to each other in certain situations.
5.please mention and explain the branches of linguistics? The branches of linguistics are:
General linguistic
Describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.
Micro linguistic
Is narrow view. It is concerned internal view of language itself without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
Phonetics : the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language
Phonology : the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker’s mind that distinguish meaning
Morphology : the study of internal structures of words and how the can be modified
Syntax : the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
Semantics : the study of the meaning or words and fixed word combinations, and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences
Pragmatics : the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts
Discourse Analysis : the analysis of language use in texts
Applied linguistic : is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching
Macro linguistic
Is broadest view of language. It is concerned external vie of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
Stylistics : the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context
Developmental linguistics : the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood
Historical lingustics : the study of language change
Language geography : the study of the spatial patterns of languages
Evolutionary linguistics : the study of the origin and subsequent development of language
Psycholinguistics : the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use
Sociolinguistics : the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability
Clinical linguistics : the application of linguitstic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology
Neurolinguistics : the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication
Biolinguistics : the study of naturl as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language
Computational linguistics : the study of coputational implementations of linguistic structures

5.what is standard language?giving an example?
Answer: languages accepted for use in official situations, such as legislation and official letters.example: an example of verbal variety is' I've read the book. the literary example is' I've read the book.
6.elaborating the language,dialect and accent,please?
Answer: Dialect A dialect  is a variety of language differing in vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation. Dialects are usually spoken by a group united by geography or class.
Accent 
When a standard language and pronunciation are defined by a group, an accent may be any pronunciation that deviates from that standard.
Groups sharing an identifiable accent may be defined by any of a wide variety of common traits.  An accent may be associated with the region in which its speakers reside (a geographical) accent), the social economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their first language (when the language in which the accent is heard is not their native language), and so on.
7.giving an example of formal language and informal language?
Answer: Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.
Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.
Example?
Informal: May use colloquial words/expressions (kids, guy, awesome, a lot, etc.). Formal: Avoid using colloquial words/expressions (substitute with children, man/boy, wonderful, many, etc.)   Informal: May use contractions (can’t, won’t, shouldn’t, etc.). Formal: Avoid contractions (write out full words – cannot, will not, should not, etc.).  Informal: May use first, second, or third person. Formal: Write in third person (except in business letters where first person may be used).  Informal: May use clichés (loads of, conspicuous by absence, etc.)  Formal: Avoid clichés (use many, was absent, etc.)  Informal: May address readers using second person pronouns (you, your, etc) Formal: Avoid addressing readers using second person pronouns (use one, one’s, the reader, the reader’s, etc.)  Informal: May use abbreviated words (photo, TV, etc) Formal: Avoid using abbreviated words (use full versions – like photograph, television, etc.)  Informal: May use imperative voice (e.g. Remember….) Formal: Avoid imperative voice (use Please refer to.….)  Informal: May use active voice (e.g. We have noticed that…..) Formal: Use passive voice (e.g. It has been noticed that….)  Informal: May use short and simple sentences. Formal: Longer and more complex sentences are preferred (short simple sentences reflects poorly on the writer)  Informal: Difficulty of subject may be acknowledged and empathy shown to the reader. Formal: State your points confidently and offer your argument firm support.
8.what aspects of language are sociolinguistics interested in?
Answer: Sociolinguistic fieldwork is the recording of speech within a natural context, such as a family dinner conversation. The goal of fieldwork is to capture the way people actually talk in casual settings. This gives researchers the best possible representation of the natural linguistic world.
Sociolinguistics is concerned with language as a ‘social and cultural phenomenon’ (Trudgill, 1974). Linguists of this area are interested in what Trudgil terms as the ‘clue-bearing’ (1974) aspects of language; how we may form ideas about an individual based on particular features of their accent or dialect, for instance. Studying the link between society and language can help us understand more about ourselves, our identities and the communities we are a part of.
9.why do people swith and mix a language?
Answer: It helps us convey a thought
We want to say something in secret
We want to get something:
We want to fit in
Our lizard brains take over
10.giving an example of code swiching and code mixing
Answer: - Examples of code-switching Bautista (1998a)
o Thanks for all the kwentos. „Thanks for all the stories.‟ (English plural inflection in a Tagalog word).
o Mike and I are so depressed by the turn of events, sana naman magkaturn-around. Mike and I are so depressed by the turn of events; hopefully there will be a turn-around.‟ (Tagalog affixation in an English word).
- Examples Code mixing
a) Why make Carol sentarse atras
b) pa'que everybody sit at the back so that has to move
c) pa'que se salga so that [she] may get out (Spanish / English; Poplack 1980: 589).